https://www.pharmatlas.org/ 2026-04-16T17:08:46+00:00 https://www.pharmatlas.org/ https://www.pharmatlas.org/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=logo.png text/html 2026-02-12T22:57:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:acei&rev=1770937025&do=diff ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block conversion of Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II and are foundational drugs in cardiovascular medicine. Primary Effects: • ↓ Vasoconstriction • ↓ Aldosterone • ↓ Sodium retention • ↓ Remodeling • ↓ Afterload and preload text/html 2026-02-12T23:20:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:arb&rev=1770938437&do=diff Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) inhibit the effects of Angiotensin II by selectively blocking the AT1 receptor. They reduce systemic vascular resistance, aldosterone secretion, and pathologic cardiac remodeling. text/html 2026-02-13T00:04:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:arni&rev=1770941065&do=diff Sacubitril/Valsartan (ARNI) Sacubitril/Valsartan is an Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI). It combines: • Sacubitril – neprilysin inhibitor • Valsartan – angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) ARNI therapy is preferred over ACE inhibitors or ARBs in HFrEF. text/html 2026-02-12T22:58:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:benazepril&rev=1770937087&do=diff Benazepril Benazepril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used primarily for hypertension and renal protection in proteinuric kidney disease. It is less commonly used than lisinopril but remains clinically relevant. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action text/html 2026-02-12T22:54:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:captopril&rev=1770936886&do=diff Captopril Captopril is the first ACE inhibitor developed and is a short-acting agent used in hypertension, heart failure, and post–myocardial infarction care. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action • Inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) • ↓ Angiotensin II • ↓ Aldosterone • ↑ Bradykinin text/html 2026-02-12T22:54:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:enalapril&rev=1770936848&do=diff Enalapril Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and heart failure. It was one of the original ACE inhibitors studied in major heart failure trials. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action • Inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) • ↓ Angiotensin II • ↓ Aldosterone • ↑ Bradykinin text/html 2026-02-12T22:59:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:fosinopril&rev=1770937154&do=diff Fosinopril Fosinopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and heart failure. It is unique among ACE inhibitors because it undergoes both hepatic and renal elimination. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action • Inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) • ↓ Angiotensin II • ↓ Aldosterone • ↑ Bradykinin text/html 2026-02-13T16:12:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:lisinopril&rev=1770999130&do=diff Lisinopril (Prinivil®, Zestril®) Lisinopril Brand Names Prinivil®, Zestril® Drug Class ACE Inhibitor Primary Indications Hypertension; Heart Failure (HFrEF); Post-MI Blood Pressure Effect ↓ SVR Mortality Benefit Yes (HFrEF, post-MI) Elimination Renal Black Box Warning Fetal Toxicity text/html 2026-02-12T22:55:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:moexipril&rev=1770936932&do=diff Moexipril Moexipril is an ACE inhibitor used primarily for hypertension. It is less commonly prescribed compared to lisinopril or enalapril. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action • Inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) • ↓ Angiotensin II • ↓ Aldosterone • ↑ Bradykinin text/html 2026-02-12T22:58:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:perindopril&rev=1770937121&do=diff Perindopril Perindopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and stable coronary artery disease. It has strong outcome data in vascular disease populations. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action • Inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) • ↓ Angiotensin II • ↓ Aldosterone • ↑ Bradykinin text/html 2026-02-12T22:56:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:quinapril&rev=1770936974&do=diff Quinapril Quinapril is an ACE inhibitor previously used for hypertension and heart failure. It has largely been discontinued in the United States due to nitrosamine impurity concerns (2022 recall), but remains pharmacologically representative of the ACE inhibitor class. text/html 2026-02-12T23:00:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:ramipril&rev=1770937200&do=diff Ramipril Ramipril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used in hypertension, heart failure, post–myocardial infarction care, and vascular risk reduction. It has strong cardiovascular outcome data and is highly exam-relevant. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action text/html 2026-02-12T23:22:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:renin_inhibitors&rev=1770938539&do=diff Direct Renin Inhibitors Direct Renin Inhibitors block the RAAS pathway at its most proximal step by inhibiting renin. This prevents conversion of angiotensinogen → angiotensin I. Currently, the only clinically available agent is: • Aliskiren ---------- text/html 2026-02-12T22:57:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.pharmatlas.org/doku.php?id=cardio:raas:trandolapril&rev=1770937056&do=diff Trandolapril Trandolapril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and post–myocardial infarction patients with left ventricular dysfunction. It has strong outcome data in post-MI populations. Class: → ACE Inhibitors ---------- Mechanism of Action