Endocrine pharmacology is organized by hormonal organ systems.

Each section links to physiology, pathophysiology, drug classes, and therapeutic strategy.

• Diabetes Pharmacology

These agents increase insulin levels and carry hypoglycemia risk. Insulin Therapy

Rapid-Acting (Prandial)

• Lispro (Humalog®, Admelog®)
• Aspart (Novolog®, Fiasp®)
• Glulisine (Apidra®)

Short-Acting

• Regular Insulin (Humulin R®, Novolin R®)

Intermediate-Acting

• NPH (Humulin N®, Novolin N®)

Long-Acting (Basal)

• Glargine (Lantus®, Basaglar®, Toujeo®)
• Detemir (Levemir®)

Ultra-Long Acting

• Degludec (Tresiba®)

Sulfonylureas

• Glipizide (Glucotrol®)
• Glyburide (Diabeta®, Glynase®)
• Glimepiride (Amaryl®)

Meglitinides

• Repaglinide (Prandin®)
• Nateglinide (Starlix®)

These agents improve glycemia without directly increasing insulin secretion.

Biguanides

• Metformin (Glucophage®)

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

• Pioglitazone (Actos®)
• Rosiglitazone (Avandia®)

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

• Exenatide (Byetta®, Bydureon®)
• Liraglutide (Victoza®, Saxenda®)
• Dulaglutide (Trulicity®)
• Semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®, Rybelsus®)

Dual GLP-1/GIP Incretin Agonists

• Tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®)

Triple Incretin Agonists

• Retatrutide (Investigational)

SGLT2 Inhibitors

• Dapagliflozin (Farxiga®)
• Empagliflozin (Jardiance®)
• Sotagliflozin (Inpefa®)

• Thyroid Pharmacology

• Levothyroxine (Synthroid®, Levoxyl®)
• Liothyronine (Cytomel®)
• Liotrix (Thyrolar®)

• Methimazole (Tapazole®)
• Propylthiouracil (PTU)

• Iodine Therapy

Beta-Blockers

• Propranolol
• Atenolol
• Metoprolol

• Adrenal Pharmacology

Glucocorticoids

• Prednisone (Deltasone®)
• Hydrocortisone (Cortef®)
• Dexamethasone (Decadron®)

Mineralocorticoids

• Fludrocortisone (Florinef®)

Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors

• Ketoconazole
• Metyrapone

• Pituitary Pharmacology

Dopamine Agonists

• Cabergoline (Dostinex®)
• Bromocriptine (Parlodel®)

Somatostatin Analogs

• Octreotide (Sandostatin®)
• Lanreotide (Somatuline®)

Growth Hormone Therapies

Vasopressin & Analogues

• Desmopressin (DDAVP®)

• Reproductive Pharmacology

Estrogen Therapy

Progesterone Therapy

Hormonal Contraception

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

• Tamoxifen (Nolvadex®)
• Raloxifene (Evista®)

Antiandrogens

• Spironolactone (Aldactone®)
• Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®)

• Bone & Mineral Pharmacology

Bisphosphonates

Oral:

• Alendronate (Fosamax®)
• Risedronate (Actonel®)
• Ibandronate (Boniva®)

IV:

• Zoledronic Acid (Reclast®, Zometa®)
• Pamidronate (Aredia®)
• Ibandronate IV

RANKL Inhibitors

• Denosumab (Prolia®, Xgeva®)

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

• Raloxifene (Evista®)

Calcitonin

• Salmon Calcitonin (Miacalcin®)

Parathyroid Hormone Analogs

• Teriparatide (Forteo®)
• Abaloparatide (Tymlos®)

Sclerostin Inhibitors

• Romosozumab (Evenity®)

Vitamin D & Analogs

Nutritional:

• Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
• Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)

Active Forms:

• Calcitriol (Rocaltrol®)
• Paricalcitol (Zemplar®)
• Doxercalciferol (Hectorol®)

• Calcium Carbonate
• Calcium Citrate

Calcimimetics

• Cinacalcet (Sensipar®)
• Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv®)

Calcium-based:

• Calcium Acetate
• Calcium Carbonate

Non-calcium:

• Sevelamer (Renvela®)
• Lanthanum (Fosrenol®)
• Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide (Velphoro®)
• Ferric Citrate (Auryxia®)

• Burosumab (Crysvita®)

Osteoporosis:

• Bisphosphonates
• Denosumab
• Teriparatide / Abaloparatide
• Romosozumab
• Raloxifene

CKD–Mineral Bone Disease:

• Vitamin D analogs
• Calcimimetics
• Phosphate binders

Hypercalcemia:

• IV Bisphosphonates
• Denosumab
• Calcitonin

Paget Disease:

• Bisphosphonates

Related:

• Adrenal Pharmacology
• Cardiovascular Pharmacology