Inflammation β€” Episode 4: Cytokines & Chronic Inflammation

This episode explains why some diseases never turn off.

Acute inflammation protects you. Chronic inflammation becomes the disease.

The difference is cytokine signaling.

Acute inflammation is chemistry. Chronic inflammation is immune programming.


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From Local Reaction β†’ System Disease

After the early inflammatory mediators fade, the immune system decides:

When cytokines remain active β†’ inflammation sustains itself.

This is the basis of autoimmune disease.


The Major Cytokines

Cytokine Major Role Associated Diseases
TNF-Ξ± Master inflammatory amplifier RA, IBD, psoriasis
IL-1 Fever and systemic inflammation Autoinflammatory syndromes
IL-6 Acute phase response RA, systemic inflammatory disease
IL-5 Eosinophils Allergic asthma
IL-4 / IL-13 IgE & allergy signaling Atopic disease
IL-17 Neutrophil activation Psoriasis, spondyloarthritis

These do not cause symptoms briefly β€” they reprogram tissue behavior.


Why NSAIDs Fail in Autoimmune Disease

NSAIDs block prostaglandins.

Autoimmune disease is driven by:

β†’ Immune cell activation β†’ Cytokine signaling β†’ Gene transcription

So NSAIDs reduce pain… but disease continues progressing.


Drug Levels of Control

Level Drug Types Effect
Symptom NSAIDs, antihistamines Feel better
Broad suppression Corticosteroids Disease quiets temporarily
Immune modification DMARDs Disease slows
Targeted control Biologics & JAK inhibitors Disease mechanism blocked

The higher the level β€” the closer you are to the cause.


Why Biologics Feel Different

Biologics do not suppress inflammation generally.

They block specific signals:

This is why they can succeed where steroids fail long-term.


Clinical Translation

Condition Mechanism Level
Osteoarthritis Local mediator inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis Cytokine immune disease
Asthma (allergic) Eosinophilic cytokine disease
Psoriasis T-cell cytokine disease
Sepsis Systemic cytokine storm

Treatment success depends on matching the level.


Key Takeaway

You are not treating inflammation.

You are choosing which conversation in the immune system to interrupt.


End of Series

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