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office_hours:vitamins:start [2026/02/16 01:36] – created andrew2393cnsoffice_hours:vitamins:start [2026/02/16 01:45] (current) – [Understanding Vitamins & Minerals (Office Hours Series)] andrew2393cns
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-====== OfficeHours: Vitamins & Minerals ====== +{{ :office_hours:series:vitmains.png?600 |}}
-**High-yield clinical review of vitamin/mineral deficiency, toxicity, dosing pearls, and drug–nutrient interactions.**+
  
-<WRAP group> +====== Understanding Vitamins & Minerals (Office Hours Series) ======
-<WRAP half column> +
-===== Vitamins ===== +
-==== Fat-soluble ==== +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:vitamin_a|Vitamin A]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:vitamin_d|Vitamin D]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:vitamin_e|Vitamin E]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:vitamin_k|Vitamin K]]+
  
-==== Water-soluble ==== +This series is about understanding **what micronutrients actually do** before memorizing deficiencies.
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:vitamin_c|Vitamin C]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b1_thiamine|B1 (Thiamine)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b2_riboflavin|B2 (Riboflavin)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b3_niacin|B3 (Niacin)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b6_pyridoxine|B6 (Pyridoxine)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b7_biotin|B7 (Biotin)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b9_folate|B9 (Folate)]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:b12_cobalamin|B12 (Cobalamin)]]+
  
 +Energy production. DNA synthesis. Oxygen transport. Antioxidant defense. Bone signaling. Coagulation.
 +
 +If you understand the function — the deficiency patterns make sense.
 +
 +<WRAP center round 90%>
 +**Quick Links** \\ 
 +  * [[office_hours:series:start|← Back to Office Hours: Series]]  
 +  * [[hematology:start|Hematology]]  
 +  * [[endocrine:start|Endocrine]]  
 +  * [[gi:start|GI / Malabsorption]]  
 +  * [[renal:start|Renal]]  
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-<WRAP half column> +----
-===== Minerals ===== +
-==== Macrominerals ==== +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:calcium|Calcium]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:phosphorus|Phosphorus]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:magnesium|Magnesium]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:potassium|Potassium]]+
  
-==== Trace minerals ==== +===== Series Structure =====
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:iron|Iron]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:zinc|Zinc]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:copper|Copper]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:iodine|Iodine]] +
-  * [[officehours:vitamins_minerals:selenium|Selenium]]+
  
 +This series progresses in 3 phases:
 +
 +  * **Phase 1 — Biochemical Function**
 +  * **Phase 2 — Functional Grouping**
 +  * **Phase 3 — Clinical Pattern Recognition**
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Phase 1 — The Energy & Cofactor Framework =====
 +
 +==== Episode 1 — B Vitamins & the Krebs Cycle ====
 +
 +<WRAP lecturevideo>
 +{{youtube>VIDEO_ID_HERE}}
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +What you’ll understand:
 +  * Why B vitamins are coenzymes
 +  * Where B1, B2, B3, B5 fit into oxidative metabolism
 +  * Why B6 matters for amino acids
 +  * Why B9/B12 are DNA synthesis vitamins
 +  * Why deficiency = high-turnover tissue dysfunction
 +
 +→ [[office_hours:vitamins_minerals:episode_1|Open Episode 1 Page]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Phase 2 — Functional Categories =====
 +
 +==== Episode 2 — Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) ====
 +
 +  * Vitamin A → gene transcription / vision
 +  * Vitamin D → hormone, calcium signaling
 +  * Vitamin E → antioxidant membrane protection
 +  * Vitamin K → clotting factor activation
 +
 +→ [[office_hours:vitamins_minerals:episode_2|Open Episode 2 Page]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +==== Episode 3 — Minerals: Structure, Signaling & Oxygen Transport ====
 +
 +  * Iron → oxygen binding
 +  * Cobalt → part of B12
 +  * Magnesium → ATP stabilizer
 +  * Zinc → transcription factors
 +  * Copper → redox enzymes
 +  * Iodine → thyroid hormone
 +  * Selenium → antioxidant enzymes
 +
 +→ [[office_hours:vitamins_minerals:episode_3|Open Episode 3 Page]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Phase 3 — Clinical Pattern Recognition =====
 +
 +==== Episode 4 — Anemia Framework (Iron vs B9 vs B12) ====
 +==== Episode 5 — Neuropathy Framework (B12 vs B6 vs Copper) ====
 +==== Episode 6 — Bone & Electrolytes (D, Ca, Mg, Phos) ====
 +==== Episode 7 — Refeeding & Alcohol Deficiency Patterns ====
 +==== Episode 8 — Drug-Induced Deficiencies ====
 +
 +→ [[office_hours:vitamins_minerals:clinical|Clinical Episodes Index]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Functional Map of Vitamins =====
 +
 +<WRAP center 95%>
 +^ Functional Role ^ Key Nutrients ^ What Fails When Deficient ^
 +| Oxidative metabolism (Krebs / ETC) | B1, B2, B3, B5 | Fatigue, neuropathy |
 +| DNA synthesis | B9, B12 | Macrocytic anemia |
 +| Amino acid metabolism | B6 | Neuropathy, anemia |
 +| Antioxidant | Vitamin E, Selenium | Neuromuscular dysfunction |
 +| Vision / epithelial health | Vitamin A | Night blindness |
 +| Bone / calcium regulation | Vitamin D | Osteomalacia |
 +| Clotting activation | Vitamin K | Elevated INR |
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 ---- ----
  
-===== High-Yield Quick Tables ===== +===== Mineral Function Overview =====
-==== Deficiency vs Toxicity Snapshot ==== +
-^ Nutrient ^ Deficiency (hallmarks) ^ Toxicity (hallmarks) ^ Classic triggers / clues ^ +
-| Vitamin A |  |  |  | +
-| Vitamin D |  |  |  | +
-| Vitamin K |  |  |  | +
-| Thiamine (B1) |  |  |  | +
-| Niacin (B3) |  |  |  | +
-| Folate (B9) |  |  |  | +
-| B12 |  |  |  | +
-| Vitamin C |  |  |  | +
-| Iron |  |  |  | +
-| Magnesium |  |  |  | +
-| Zinc |  |  |  | +
-| Copper |  |  |  |+
  
-==== Drug–Nutrient Interactions (must-know) ==== +<WRAP center 95%> 
-^ Drug/Class ^ Nutrient Effect ^ Clinical Result ^ What to do ^ +^ Mineral ^ Core Role ^ High-Yield Association ^ 
-| Metformin | ↓ B12 absorption | Neuropathy/macrocytosis | Check B12 in long-term use/symptoms | +| Iron | Hemoglobin oxygen binding | Microcytic anemia | 
-| PPIs/H2 blockers | ↓ B12, ↓ iron absorption | Anemia risk | Reassess need; monitor | +| Cobalt | Component of B12 | Macrocytic anemia | 
-| Orlistat / bile acid resins | ↓ ADEK absorption | Bruising, low D | ADEK supplement; separate dosing | +| Magnesium | Stabilizes ATP | Refractory hypokalemia | 
-| Loop diuretics | ↑ Mg loss | Refractory hypokalemia | Replace Mg first | +| Zinc | Enzyme/transcription factor | Poor wound healing | 
-| Thiazides | ↓ urinary Ca | Hypercalcemia risk | Monitor Ca in at-risk pts |+| Copper | Iron metabolism, myelin | Myelopathy | 
 +| Iodine | Thyroid hormone | Hypothyroidism | 
 +| Selenium | Glutathione peroxidase | Cardiomyopathy (rare) | 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ---- ----
  
-<WRAP center round box 80%> +===== Deficiency & Toxicity Snapshot ===== 
-**Suggested build order (highest yield first):** Vitamin D → B12 → Iron → Magnesium → Folate → Thiamine → Vitamin K → Zinc/Copper+ 
 +<WRAP center 95%> 
 +^ Nutrient ^ Classic Deficiency Pattern ^ Common Causes ^ Toxicity Risk ^ 
 +| B1 | Wernicke / neuropathy | Alcohol | Rare | 
 +| B3 | Pellagra (3 D's) | Malnutrition | Flushing (high dose) | 
 +| B9 | Macrocytosis | Pregnancy, meds | Masks B12 | 
 +| B12 | Macrocytosis + neuropathy | Metformin, vegan | Rare | 
 +| Vitamin D | Bone pain | Low sun, CKD | Hypercalcemia | 
 +| Vitamin K | Easy bruising | Antibiotics | Rare | 
 +| Iron | Microcytosis | Bleeding | Overload (hemochromatosis) | 
 +| Magnesium | Tetany, low K | Diuretics | Diarrhea |
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +----
 +
 +<WRAP center round tip 90%>
 +Deficiency patterns reflect function.  
 +High-turnover tissue (bone marrow, GI tract, nervous system) fails first.
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Related =====
 +  * [[office_hours:series:start|Office Hours: Series]]
 +  * [[office_hours:start|Office Hours Home]]
 +  * [[lectures:start|Full Lecture Series]]
 +  * [[start|PharmAtlas Home]]
office_hours/vitamins/start.1771205765.txt.gz · Last modified: by andrew2393cns