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endocrine:start [2026/02/13 14:06] – andrew2393cnsendocrine:start [2026/02/14 18:35] (current) – [Bone & Mineral Metabolism] andrew2393cns
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   * [[endocrine:diabetes:start|Diabetes Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:diabetes:start|Diabetes Pharmacology]]
  
-==== 1. Hypoglycemics (Increase Insulin Effect) ==== +----
-These agents increase insulin levels and carry hypoglycemia risk. +
-[[endocrine:insulin:start|Insulin Therapy]] +
- +
-Rapid-Acting (Prandial) +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:lispro|Lispro]] (Humalog®, Admelog®) +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:aspart|Aspart]] (Novolog®, Fiasp®) +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:glulisine|Glulisine]] (Apidra®) +
- +
-Short-Acting +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:regular|Regular Insulin]] (Humulin R®, Novolin R®) +
- +
-Intermediate-Acting +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:nph|NPH]] (Humulin N®, Novolin N®) +
- +
-Long-Acting (Basal) +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:glargine|Glargine]] (Lantus®, Basaglar®, Toujeo®) +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:detemir|Detemir]] (Levemir®) +
- +
-Ultra-Long Acting +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:insulin:degludec|Degludec]] (Tresiba®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:sulfonylureas:start|Sulfonylureas]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:sulfonylureas:glipizide|Glipizide]] (Glucotrol®) +
-  * [[endocrine:sulfonylureas:glyburide|Glyburide]] (Diabeta®, Glynase®) +
-  * [[endocrine:sulfonylureas:glimepiride|Glimepiride]] (Amaryl®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:meglitinides:start|Meglitinides]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:meglitinides:repaglinide|Repaglinide]] (Prandin®) +
-  * [[endocrine:meglitinides:nateglinide|Nateglinide]] (Starlix®) +
- +
-==== 2. Anti-Hyperglycemics (Low Hypoglycemia Risk) ==== +
-These agents improve glycemia without directly increasing insulin secretion. +
- +
-[[endocrine:biguanides:metformin|Biguanides]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:biguanides:metformin|Metformin]] (Glucophage®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:tzds:start|Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:tzds:pioglitazone|Pioglitazone]] (Actos®) +
-  * [[endocrine:tzds:rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone]] (Avandia®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:glp1:start|GLP-1 Receptor Agonists]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:glp1:exenatide|Exenatide]] (Byetta®, Bydureon®) +
-  * [[endocrine:glp1:liraglutide|Liraglutide]] (Victoza®, Saxenda®) +
-  * [[endocrine:glp1:dulaglutide|Dulaglutide]] (Trulicity®) +
-  * [[endocrine:glp1:semaglutide|Semaglutide]] (Ozempic®, Wegovy®, Rybelsus®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:glp1_gip:dual_glp-1_gip_incretin_agonists|Dual GLP-1/GIP Incretin Agonists]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:incretin:tirzepatide|Tirzepatide]] (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:glp1_gip_gra:triple_incretin_agonists|Triple Incretin Agonists]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:endocrine:glp1_gip_gra:triple_incretin_agonists:retatrutide|Retatrutide]] (Investigational) +
- +
- +
-[[endocrine:sglt2:start|SGLT2 Inhibitors]] +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:sglt2:dapagliflozin|Dapagliflozin]] (Farxiga®) +
-  * [[endocrine:sglt2:empagliflozin|Empagliflozin]] (Jardiance®) +
-  * [[endocrine:sglt2:sotagliflozin|Sotagliflozin]] (Inpefa®) +
- +
 ===== Thyroid ===== ===== Thyroid =====
  
   * [[endocrine:thyroid:start|Thyroid Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:thyroid:start|Thyroid Pharmacology]]
-==== Thyroid Hormone Replacement ==== 
- 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:levothyroxine|Levothyroxine]] (Synthroid®, Levoxyl®) 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:liothyronine|Liothyronine]] (Cytomel®) 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:liotrix|Liotrix]] (Thyrolar®) 
- 
-==== Antithyroid Drugs ==== 
- 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:methimazole|Methimazole]] (Tapazole®) 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:propylthiouracil|Propylthiouracil (PTU)]] 
-==== Iodine Therapy ==== 
- 
-  * [[endocrine:thyroid:iodine|Iodine Therapy]] 
- 
-==== Symptom Control in Hyperthyroidism ==== 
- 
-[[cardio:beta_blockers:start|Beta-Blockers]] 
-  * [[cardio:beta_blockers:propranolol|Propranolol]] 
-  * [[cardio:beta_blockers:atenolol|Atenolol]] 
-  * [[cardio:beta_blockers:metoprolol|Metoprolol]] 
  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
 ===== Adrenal ===== ===== Adrenal =====
- 
   * [[endocrine:adrenal:start|Adrenal Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:adrenal:start|Adrenal Pharmacology]]
  
-[[endocrine:glucocorticoids:start|Glucocorticoids]] 
  
-  * Prednisone (Deltasone®) 
-  * Hydrocortisone (Cortef®) 
-  * Dexamethasone (Decadron®) 
- 
-[[endocrine:mineralocorticoids:start|Mineralocorticoids]] 
- 
-  * Fludrocortisone (Florinef®) 
- 
-[[endocrine:adrenal:steroid_synthesis_inhibitors|Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors]] 
- 
-  * Ketoconazole 
-  * Metyrapone 
  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- 
 ===== Pituitary ===== ===== Pituitary =====
- 
   * [[endocrine:pituitary:start|Pituitary Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:pituitary:start|Pituitary Pharmacology]]
  
-[[endocrine:dopamine_agonists:start|Dopamine Agonists]] 
- 
-  * Cabergoline (Dostinex®) 
-  * Bromocriptine (Parlodel®) 
- 
-[[endocrine:somatostatin:start|Somatostatin Analogs]] 
- 
-  * Octreotide (Sandostatin®) 
-  * Lanreotide (Somatuline®) 
- 
-[[endocrine:growth_hormone:start|Growth Hormone Therapies]] 
- 
-[[endocrine:vasopressin:start|Vasopressin & Analogues]] 
- 
-  * Desmopressin (DDAVP®) 
  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- 
 ===== Reproductive Endocrinology ===== ===== Reproductive Endocrinology =====
  
   * [[endocrine:reproductive:start|Reproductive Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:reproductive:start|Reproductive Pharmacology]]
- 
-[[endocrine:estrogen:start|Estrogen Therapy]] 
- 
-[[endocrine:progestin:start|Progesterone Therapy]] 
- 
-[[endocrine:contraception:start|Hormonal Contraception]] 
- 
-[[endocrine:serm:start|Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)]] 
- 
-  * Tamoxifen (Nolvadex®) 
-  * Raloxifene (Evista®) 
- 
-[[endocrine:antiandrogens:start|Antiandrogens]] 
- 
-  * Spironolactone (Aldactone®) 
-  * Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®) 
  
 -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
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   * [[endocrine:bone:start|Bone & Mineral Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:bone:start|Bone & Mineral Pharmacology]]
  
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 
  
-==== Anti-Resorptive Agents ==== +----
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:bisphosphonates|Bisphosphonates]] ===== +
- +
-Oral: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:alendronate|Alendronate]] (Fosamax®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:risedronate|Risedronate]] (Actonel®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:ibandronate|Ibandronate]] (Boniva®) +
- +
-IV: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:zoledronic_acid|Zoledronic Acid]] (Reclast®, Zometa®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:pamidronate|Pamidronate]] (Aredia®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:ibandronate|Ibandronate IV]] +
- +
-Used in: +
-  * Osteoporosis +
-  * Paget disease +
-  * Hypercalcemia of malignancy +
-  * Bone metastases +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:rankl_inhibitors|RANKL Inhibitors]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:denosumab|Denosumab]] (Prolia®, Xgeva®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:serm:start|Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:serm:raloxifene|Raloxifene]] (Evista®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:calcitonin|Calcitonin]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:calcitonin:salmon_calcitonin|Salmon Calcitonin]] (Miacalcin®) +
- +
-Rarely used today. +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-==== Anabolic / Bone-Forming Agents ==== +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:pth_analogs|Parathyroid Hormone Analogs]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:teriparatide|Teriparatide]] (Forteo®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:abaloparatide|Abaloparatide]] (Tymlos®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:sclerostin_inhibitors|Sclerostin Inhibitors]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:romosozumab|Romosozumab]] (Evenity®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-==== Vitamin D & Calcium Axis ==== +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:vitamin_d|Vitamin D & Analogs]] ===== +
- +
-Nutritional: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:cholecalciferol|Cholecalciferol]] (Vitamin D3) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:ergocalciferol|Ergocalciferol]] (Vitamin D2) +
- +
-Active Forms: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:calcitriol|Calcitriol]] (Rocaltrol®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:paricalcitol|Paricalcitol]] (Zemplar®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:doxercalciferol|Doxercalciferol]] (Hectorol®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== Calcium Supplements ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:calcium_carbonate|Calcium Carbonate]] +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:calcium_citrate|Calcium Citrate]] +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-==== Hyperparathyroidism / CKD-MBD ==== +
- +
-===== [[endocrine:bone:calcimimetics|Calcimimetics]] ===== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:cinacalcet|Cinacalcet]] (Sensipar®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:etelcalcetide|Etelcalcetide]] (Parsabiv®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== Phosphate Binders ===== +
- +
-Calcium-based: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:calcium_acetate|Calcium Acetate]] +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:calcium_carbonate|Calcium Carbonate]] +
- +
-Non-calcium: +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:sevelamer|Sevelamer]] (Renvela®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:lanthanum|Lanthanum]] (Fosrenol®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:sucroferric_oxyhydroxide|Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide]] (Velphoro®) +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:ferric_citrate|Ferric Citrate]] (Auryxia®) +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-==== FGF23 Pathway ==== +
- +
-  * [[endocrine:bone:burosumab|Burosumab]] (Crysvita®) +
- +
-Used in: +
-  * X-linked hypophosphatemia +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
- +
-===== Clinical Groupings ===== +
- +
-Osteoporosis: +
-  * Bisphosphonates +
-  * Denosumab +
-  * Teriparatide / Abaloparatide +
-  * Romosozumab +
-  * Raloxifene +
- +
-CKD–Mineral Bone Disease: +
-  * Vitamin D analogs +
-  * Calcimimetics +
-  * Phosphate binders +
- +
-Hypercalcemia: +
-  * IV Bisphosphonates +
-  * Denosumab +
-  * Calcitonin +
- +
-Paget Disease: +
-  * Bisphosphonates +
- +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- +
---------------------------------------------------------------------+
  
-Related:+==== Related: ====
  
   * [[endocrine:adrenal:start|Adrenal Pharmacology]]   * [[endocrine:adrenal:start|Adrenal Pharmacology]]
   * [[cardio:intro:start|Cardiovascular Pharmacology]]   * [[cardio:intro:start|Cardiovascular Pharmacology]]
endocrine/start.1770991618.txt.gz · Last modified: by andrew2393cns